![]() ![]() Not until the 1990s, more than a decade after the start of the punitive era, do we see patterns of inmate services change, as investments in programming switch from academic to reentry-related programs. state prisons, this article demonstrates that there were no major changes in investments in specialized facilities, funding for inmate services-related staff, or program participation rates throughout the late 1970s and the 1980s. Using nationally representative data for U.S. However, while there has been extensive research on changes in policy-makers’ rhetoric, sentencing policy, and incarceration rates, we know very little about changes in the actual practices of punishment and prisoner rehabilitation. ![]() penal history, marked by a shift towards more punitive policies and a consensus that “nothing works” in rehabilitating inmates. ![]() Scholars of mass incarceration point to the 1970s as a pivotal turning point in U.S. ![]()
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